Actus Reus Notes free essay sample

Gives a connection between the underlying demonstration of the D and the disallowed outcome that has happened. It frames some portion of the AR: It isn't sufficient that the disallowed outcomes has happened, it must be brought about by the D. * Established by a two-phase test: 1. Verifiable causation: Only premise, set up a prelimartary association among act and outcomes D’s act must be a sine qua non of the disallowed consequence(consequences would not have happened without the D’s activity) ’But for’ the D’s activity, the results would not have happened Case: White : D needed to execute her mom with a toxic substance drink yet the mother kick the bucket before the toxin drink produced results. LP: The D’s mother would have kicked the bucket in any case however for D’s activity, in this manner he isn't the genuine reason for death, yet he is accused of endeavored murder. 2. Legitimate causation: Chooses the reprehensible a. Case: Pagett To maintain a strategic distance from capture, D utilized his better half as a shield and solidified at outfitted police. We will compose a custom article test on Actus Reus Notes or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The police terminated back and executed the young lady. LP: D’s act need not to be the sole reason for death gave it is a reason that has ‘contributed fundamentally to the result’ as he gets under way the chain of occasions that prompted passing and it was predictable that the police would fire back. D is the most culpable Intervening Act: Something that happens after the D’s demonstration that breaks the chain of causation and mitigates the D’s duty regarding the denied results. Conditions will possibly break the chain of causation on the off chance that they are: an) A mind-boggling reason for death b) An unforeseeable event Case that BREAK the chain: Jordan: D cut the person in question and his injury was recuperated when V showed up to the medical clinic yet he kicked the bucket following an unfavorably susceptible response to the medications given by the emergency clinic. LP: D not obligated as the first twisted was mended and the treatment was ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (Obvious) to break the chain of causation. Case that DOESN’T BREAK the chain: Cheshire: D shot the casualty in the leg and stomach, where when in clinic V experienced respiratory entanglements and kick the bucket after an activity that the medical clinic played out a poor standard of care and neglected to perceive his injuries. LP: The requirement for activity spilled out of the D’s unique act along these lines he stayed at risk, the treatment must be ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (self-evident) to break the chain of causation. Mediating Act falls into 3 classes: 1. Demonstrations of the Victim 2. Demonstrations of Third Parties 3. Normally Occurring occasions 1. Demonstrations of the Victim Roberts: D meddled the V’s dress in the vehicle, making the V bounce from the moving vehicle and brought about genuine wounds from the fall. LP: It was predictable that the casualty would have endeavored to get away and could be harmed in doing as such. Chain of causation might be broken if the V’s activity is extraordinary and unforeseeable. *Only EXTREME ACTS would break it? Consider Thin-Skull rule: *Thin-Skull Rule: EXCEPTION to the standard that D is just obligated to the predictable outcomes of his activities D is subject for the full degree of V’s wounds regardless of whether, because of some pre-exisitng condition, the V endures more noteworthy mischief because of the D’s activity than the ‘ordinary’ V would endure. Cases: Blaue D cut the V and punctured her lung, yet V rejected a blood transfusion as it was in opposition to her religion, bringing about death. LP: D sentenced for murder as it was held that the standard was not constrained to states of being nevertheless incorporated an individual’s mental make-up and convictions. 2. Demonstration of Third Parties Consider: 1. Centrality of their commitment 2. Activity is predictable? 3. Normally happening occasions * Omissions: Liability just essential if there is no blamable positive act. Rule: An obligation of act just forced by resolution in a limited range Contract: Case: Pittwood D contracted to screen the intersection doors so nobody is hurt by the train. He neglected to close the doors and V was murdered by the train. LP: An individual under agreement will be at risk for the destructive outcomes of his inability to play out his legally binding commitment. This obligation reaches out to those sensibly influenced by oversight, not simply the other party to the agreement. Exceptional relationship Case: Gibbins and Procotor First D(Father) neglected to give food to his youngster who was famished to death. His risk depended on his exclusion to satisfy the obligation built up by the uncommon relationship of father/kid. (The case proceeded:) Voluntary supposition of care Second D(Partner of the dad): at risk not founded on the idea of relationship but since she had recently taken care of the youngster yet had stopped to do as such. * A Person can't push off the clock to act that the willful supposition of care forces. Hazardous circumstance Case: Miller D nodded off while smoking a cigarette. It triggers the tangle ablaze, yet when the D woke up he didn't do anything to spare the fire however move to another spot to rest. The House was harmed accordingly. D contended that his mens rea was not created at the time the actua reas of the occasion, dropping the cigarette, happened. LP: D has made a perilous circumstance which he at that point has the obligation to spare the fire. * MR emerges and concurs with proceeding with AR. He was obligated.

Revolution Politically Considered Essay

The word Maccabean originates from Judas Maccabeus, the pioneer of the Jewish rebel against Syria which occurred from 167 †160 B. C. E. In second Maccabees 15 v 30 he is depicted as â€Å"The ideal boss of his kindred residents. † The story is recorded in the Apocryphal Biblical Books Ist and second Maccabees, the sources composed nearest so as to the occasions and to a lesser degree by the Jewish first century C. E. history specialist Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities ( Books XII and XIII) who kept in touch with somewhere in the range of 200 years after the fact. Martin Cohen ( The Hasmonean Revolution Politically Considered,1975, page 21) depicts every one of the three of writers, those of the Maccabean books and Josephus, as being excessively fanatic and is by all accounts saying that the supposed delinquents weren’t as dark as they are painted. Some may state anyway that his article is at risk for going excessively far the other path in parts. The name implies ‘hammer’ and was utilized to depict Judas’ gigantic quality. It was then taken as a name by his siblings, two of whom succeeded him, and different adherents. The contention had been mixed when, after a time of expanding Hellenisation, Syrian ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes provided orders prohibiting certain Jewish traditions and rehearses and transformed the Temple into a hallowed place for the agnostic god Zeus †the icon the Jews allude to as ‘the evil entity of desecration’ referenced in Daniel 11. Judas Maccabeus and his adherents actuated a revolt. In 164 B. C. E they had the option to recover control of the Temple, which was then rinsed and rededicating to the God of Israel. Right up 'til the present time Jews praise the dining experience of Hanukkah to review these occasions. The story closes with the passing of Nicanor in 2 Maccabeans 15 and furthermore devoting a unique day to its recognition the thirtieth day of the twelfth month. The utilization of the menorah, the seven stretched candle, is a token of similar occasions. Individuals from Judas’ family, the Hasmoneans, kept on administering in Israel until the Romans showed up in power in 63 B. C. E. Ist Maccabees was initially written in Hebrew, however that adaptation is presently lost and the content utilized is taken from the Greek Septuagint. The book is set in the time of Greek principle and spreads the time of revolt from 175 to 134 B. C. Anyway it likewise depicts what number of Hebrews really invited the happening to Greek traditions, even to the degree of attempting to make themselves look like Greeks. In first Maccabees 1 v 15 the essayist advises how some were attempting to conceal the signs of circumcism I. e. the very sign of their Jewishness. In second Maccabees the occasions are again related, yet this time apparently with the expectation of demonstrating God’s proceeded with care for his kin. It starts by encouraging Alexandrian Jews to keep the banquet of Hanukkah and glances back at the occasions that hinted at the primary festival. Simultaneously it blasts a few people †the Hellenistic Jewish ministers, specifically including High Priest Jason who was said to have sent cash for sculpture of Herakles, something Martin Cohen ( Page 15 ) sees as a pay off instead of as a real gift as a result of confidence.. Robert Doran ( 2006, The revolt of the Maccabees) searched for noteworthy likenesses and compared it to the advanced insurrection in Iraq. He tells how for the principal long stretches of Seleucid rule there were no serious issues between the two gatherings. He depicts the primary issue as being about Jewish character and who controls that definition. He points out that some would not have believed Jason to be a Jew by any means, though he, as Jewish consecrated cleric, apparently did. He refers to twentieth century Jewish researchers Elias Bickermann and Victor Tchenikover who put the fault not on the Seleucids, however upon the Jewish pioneers of the time. While I Maccabees accuses the Seleucid pioneer, it has been brought up by researchers, for example, Otto Morkholm (Antiochus IV of Syria, 1966) that all in all he upheld neighborhood societies. The author of second Maccabees accuses the establishment of Greek training, despite the fact that there were various years between the opening of the Greek school and the revolt. Reality is by all accounts that when a resident from Modein, the Hasmonean old neighborhood, went to make penances, Mattathias, the dad of Judas, hit him with his blade. The family at that point fled, yet additionally started a battle of tossing down the agnostic modifies that they found and slaughtering the individuals who restricted what they felt was correct. By the opening of second Maccabees the dad had passed on and it is Judas who is driving the progressives. There are other significant contrasts between the records, in particular as to battling on the Sabbath. This occurs in the primary book, yet not in the second. As indicated by Doran, in what is by all accounts a very target account ( page 107), upon the demise of Antiochus his replacement appears, to have allowed the issue to matter, with the Hasmoneans in control in Jerusalem. Anyway the upset was spreading to different regions. Jerusalem turned into the inside for a general rebel against Seleucid rule. In 162 B. C. E. Judas at last lost control of the Temple territory and was murdered. Josephus depicts in the initial expressions of his second book about the period, (Antiquities of the Jews, Book 13) how, after the demise of Judus Maccabeus ‘all the devilish, and those that violated the laws of their ancestors, jumped up again in Judea. ’ And so the fights proceeded under new administration. Anyway not long after this the Seleucid Empire started to disintegrate in view of its own inward disruptiveness and Simon, sibling of Judas, had the option to oust the Seleucids. He was perceived as esteemed cleric of Judea in 140 B. C. E. So what had started as a strict dissent wound up as the reason for an autonomous realm †finally for some time. Martin Cohen investigated the occasions depicted in the sacred texts. He considers it to be much as an interior battle among Jews as a rebel contrary to outside standard. He states (page 26) that Antiochus accepted that no Jewish gathering was fit for holding the harmony. He experienced difficulty somewhere else and this is the reason he descended hard, transforming Jerusalem into a post and he likewise evacuated the intensity of the Jewish constitution. This transformed numerous into progressives. On the off chance that they had no Jewish law how might they be Jewish? Cohen depicts how the revolt has frequently been seen as a class battle between the Hellenistic rulers and the conventional individuals, in spite of the way that there appears to have been grass roots backing of Hellenisation. The Maccabees were not simply non Hellenistic notwithstanding, they were absolutely hostile to †Hellenistic, for themselves, yet for Judaism in that capacity. Cohen brings up that the two records are both clashing and insufficient and that the realities refered to by Jewish history specialist Josephus don’t add a lot to noteworthy information. He likewise depicts how the Jewish Hellenistic privileged were little in number. On the off chance that they had not had well known help, at that point the Selucid would have needed to descend hard. Directly from the earliest starting point. The ministers concerned are censured in sections, for example, second Maccabees 4 v 11 and 14. In the previous entry they are blamed for adding to the Pentateuch. The Pentateuch was sacred writing, yet it was likewise the reason for all Jewish life. At the hour of the insurgency religion and governmental issues, undoubtedly were very much the same thing. Be that as it may, the Hellenistic Jews didn't deny Judaism and the ministers among them proceeded with their conciliatory jobs, which they don't appear to have considered as being contrary to their Hellenistic practices. End Whatever the reality of the situation with respect to the starting points of the revolt and any place the genuine fault should lie, basically this was tied in with saving Judaism as it had been for hundred of years and was tied in with characterizing what is a Jew †a contention that can at present be believed to be going on, regardless of whether now and then peacefully, in the distinctions to be watched day by day in the 21st century between the individuals who call themselves Orthodox Jews and others of a similar confidence and race, devotees and something else. Works Cited Book of scriptures, King James, â€Å"2nd Maccabees†, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia twelfth May 2010, Libraryhttp://etext. virginia. edu/toc/modeng/open/Kjv2Mac. html Bible, Revised Standard Version, â€Å"Ist Maccabees†, National Council of Churches of Christ in America twelfth May 2010, http://quod. lib. umich. edu/cgi/r/rsv/rsv-idx? type=DIV1&byte=4219672 Cohen Martin, â€Å"The Hasmonean Revolution Politically Considered: Outline of a New Interpretation,† The Journal of the Central Conference of American Rabbis , (Fall 1975 ): 13-34 Doran , Robert, â€Å"The Revolt of the Maccabees â€Å" The National Interest ( September â€October 2006):99, 100 Josephus , â€Å"Antiquities of the Jews† , Book XII ,twelfth May 2010, http://www. ccel. organization/j/josephus/works/insect 12. htm Josephus , â€Å"Antiquities of the Jews† , Book XIII twelfth May 2010 http://www. ccel. organization/j/josephus/works/insect 13. htm Morkholm, Otto,† Antiochus IV of Syria†, Classica et Mediaevalia Dissertationes VIII, Copenhagen. 1966

What should be the Image Dimension for Blog Post Publishing

What should be the Image Dimension for Blog Post Publishing Image is necessary for making the Blog post more attractive. When readers get the attractive post image with good content then they feel more interest to read the whole article. There are Blog and website with poor content grab readers attention only for quality and attractive image. However we should remember that we shouldnt use any copyright protected image. Formerly bloggers are using small image for fast loading but now many Blog and website using large image. But what should be the exact image size for Blog post? From the beginning of my Blogging career I used to use a landscape type image whose dimension is 600px width X 200px height. At that time very few template support landscape type image. So I have designed my own image. However on Image search result landscape type image can be display properly. For the time being system has little changed. Because now smaller images are not good for image search result page. Recently I have fallen in some problem while I go for share my content. Main Problem is While I go for share my Blog post on Facebook, Google Plus then my post image automatically resize to smaller size. So the blog post snippet is not enough to grab attention from social site audience. On the other hand, smaller image is not good for rich snippet on search engine content carousel. What type of Image search engine like? There are biggest search queries made from Google image search result page. So we should take this seriously. And we have to use rich image thus our Blog post image can grab attention of viewers. For Enabling Rich Snippets for Articles or Blog post there are some guidelines of Google, that the- Images should be at least 696 pixels wide. Images should be in .jpg, .png, or. gif format. Image URLs should be crawlable and indexable. What type of Image social media site likes? Same as Googles Rich Snippets instruction. Because if you go for share your image whose width is less than 696px then the image will resize to smaller. You can see a example of my Blog posts. While I was using image with 600px X 200px and going to share on Facebook then it become smaller automatically. But now I have change the dimension according to the Googles rich snippet guidelines. Now my Blogs first image dimension is 700px X 300px, as a result I have solved a biggest issue on my social media sites. Because now whenever I share any content then large image is displaying. Below Picture has taken from my Google Plus page. What should be the Image Dimension of Blog Post? I think now it is clear that what should be the image dimension for Blogpost. Because search engine love large landscape type image. Beside of this- Large image can easily grab readers attentions. For good quality of image we can use large image Large image help to divert traffic from Google image search result page. Large image can be seen clearly on Smartphone. From my point of view, we should use image whose dimension should be, width 696px to 800px and the height of the image should be 300px to 500px. You have to adjust according to the image width and height. Disadvantage of Large image Though there are many advantages of large image but there are also some disadvantage exists while using large image. Those are as follows- Large image affect template loading time It is not fit with smaller width Blogger template. Who use mobile data their data volume will finish soon for loading large image. In concluding remarks we can say though large image has disadvantage but it has many positive site. As a blogger we must make our Blog site SEO friendly thus search engine can understand our site. As a result we will able to divert big chunk of traffic from search engine. So we must use large image for our blog post. But you shouldnt use extra large size image on your Blog post which will affect your sites loading time. There are many photo editing software which can compress your image size by keeping main aspect ratio. So use large image with compress size. If you have anything to say please share in comment box.

Honour Killing An Evil Of Society - 2216 Words

Honour Killing: An Evil of Society with reference to Khap Panchayat Introduction Honour Killing’ is a cultural crime or a cultural tradition prevalent amongst non-Caucasian Societies which perceive women as bearers of family honour. Honour Killing of women can be defined as acts of murder in which a woman is killed for her actual or perceived immoral behavior. Indian cultures are very deep rooted. An honour killing (also called a customary killing) is the murder of a (typically female) family or clan member by one or more fellow (mostly male) family members, in which the perpetrators (and potentially the wider community) believe the victim to have brought dishonour upon the family, clan, or community. Many young people in India have been done to death every year owing to ‘Honour Killings.’ It is because so called honour killings are based on the belief, deeply rooted in Indian cultures, which consider the women as objects and commodities, and not as human beings endowed with dignity and rights. Most honour killings occur in countries like I ndia where the concept of women is considered as a vessel of the family reputation. This paper is an attempt to tackle the very important issue of a cultural crime that is magnifying day by day like a monster untamed. 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While in the epic poem Grendel is shown as pure evil, simply killing the Danes because he was a demon of pure evil intent, the Grendel of the movie is shown to be much more human and dynamic as a character. In the epic, GrendelRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1003 Words   |  5 Pagesunable to understand her quick marriage, he concludes that because she is a woman, it is weakness that leads them to commit such sins. Quickly re-marrying is an action that arises due to weak morality. At the same time, after Hamlet refrains from killing Claudius, Polonius tells Gertrude to rebuke Hamlet for his insane behaviour, and she obeys. Instead, however, it is Hamlet that shames Gertrude. Hamlet berates Gertrude about her horrible sexual desires, saying â€Å"Nay but to live/In the rank sweat of

What Is Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation is self-sustaining energy with electric and magnetic field components. Electromagnetic radiation is commonly referred to as light, EM, EMR, or electromagnetic waves. The waves propagate through a vacuum at the speed of light. The oscillations of the electric and magnetic field components are perpendicular to each other and to the direction in which the wave is moving. The waves may be characterized according to their wavelengths, frequencies, or energy. Packets or quanta of electromagnetic waves are called photons. Photons have zero rest mass, but they momentum or relativistic mass, so they are still affected by gravity like normal matter. Electromagnetic radiation is emitted any time charged particles are accelerated. The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic radiation. From longest wavelength/lowest energy to shortest wavelength/highest energy, the order of the spectrum is radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray. An easy way to remember the order of the spectrum is to use the mnemonic Rabbits Mate In Very Unusual eXpensive Gardens. Radio waves are emitted by stars and are generated by man to transmit audio data.Microwave radiation is emitted by stars and galaxies. Its observed using radio astronomy (which includes microwaves). Humans use it to heat food and transmit data.Infrared radiation is emitted by warm bodies, including living organisms. Its also emitted by dust and gases between stars.The visible spectrum is the tiny portion of the spectrum perceived by human eyes. Its emitted by stars, lamps, and some chemical reactions.Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by stars, including the Sun. Health effects of overexposure include sunburns, skin cancer, and cataracts.Hot gases in the universe emit x-rays. They are generated and used by man for diagnostic imaging.The Universe emits gamma radiation. It may be harnessed for imaging, similar to how x-rays are used. Ionizing Versus Non-Ionizing Radiation Electromagnetic radiation may be categorized as ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to break chemical bonds and give electrons sufficient energy to escape their atoms, forming ions. Non-ionizing radiation may be absorbed by atoms and molecules. While the radiation may provide activation energy to initiate chemical reactions and break bonds, the energy is too low to allow electron escape or capture. Radiation that is more energetic that ultraviolet light is ionizing. Radiation that is less energetic than ultraviolet light (including visible light) is non-ionizing. Short wavelength  ultraviolet light is ionizing. Discovery History Wavelengths of light outside the visible spectrum were discovered early in the 19th century. William Herschel described infrared radiation in 1800. Johann Wilhelm Ritter discovered ultraviolet radiation in 1801. Both scientists detected the light using a prism to split sunlight into its component wavelengths. The equations to describe electromagnetic fields were developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1862-1964. Prior to James Clerk Maxwells unified theory of electromagnetism, scientists believed electricity and magnetism were separate forces. Electromagnetic Interactions Maxwells equations describe four main electromagnetic interactions: The force of attraction or repulsion between electric charges is inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them.A moving electric field produces a magnetic field and a moving magnetic field produces an electric field.An electric current in a wire produces a magnetic field such that the direction of the magnetic field depends on the direction of the current.There are no magnetic monopoles. Magnetic poles come in pairs that attract and repel each other much like electric charges.

Does the Caribbean Contribute to the Americanization of...

â€Å"Do you believe Caribbean Media are victims or causal factors of the Americanization of Caribbean Culture?† There has been an ongoing debate as to whether The Americanization phenomenon, has been perpetuated by the media across the Caribbean. It must be stated, that the Americanization phenomenon, can be synonymous with Globalisation. Hence it very pertinent to the discussion, to first defines the denotative meaning of the term Globalisation. (Dr.Maria Alfaro) defines Globalisation as: â€Å"A phenomenon generated simultaneously by the application of new technologies, which overcome barriers of time space, and the generalisation of the principles of free trade in a market of world dimensions. In itself this phenomenon does not†¦show more content†¦Globalization has allowed U.S media to be prevalent and readily available to Caribbean people, thorough cable television among others. They have become accustomed to all things American and so Caribbean media practitioners feel the need to copy their format in order to secure viewers. For example food; American fast food such as h amburgers, fries, pepsi has all but replaced traditional dishes such as ground provisions, ackee and salt fish among other things. This is not the only result, as Ssenyonga states, other areas include fashion â€Å" the casual American style of wearing Jeans, T- shirts and sports shoes is common and acceptable in many places, [Replacing traditional Caribbean fashion forms.] He future added that â€Å"the American music industry has also gone a long way influencing the dress culture of other people around the world for instance 50 cent, Lady Gaga, 2 Pac and others, who are normally characterised by flashy fashions and bling bling (expensive shiny jewellery).† At this point it is important to bring into focus, whether Caribbean media causes the Americanization of Caribbean culture? Ssenyonga states that â€Å"The transmission of American culture has been done mainly through several conduits with the number one medium being the electronic media, Television in particular has done a lot of Americanizing where the localShow MoreRelatedDoes the Caribbean Contribute to the Americanization of Its Media?1336 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Do you believe Caribbean Media are victims or causal factors of the Americanization of Caribbean Culture?† There has been an ongoing debate as to whether The Americanization phenomenon, has been perpetuated by the media across the Caribbean. It must be stated, that the Americanization phenomenon, can be synonymous with Globalisation. Hence it very pertinent to the discussion, to first defines the denotative meaning of the term Globalisation. (Dr.Maria Alfaro) defines Globalisation as: â€Å"ARead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCentury of Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several

Adrian Arbuckle Essay Example For Students

Adrian Arbuckle Essay Professor GibbonsEnglish 1302-845625 May 2000Alternative Medicine: ChiropracticChiropractic is the third largest doctoral-level health profession in the United States, after medicine and dentistry. This form of health care is on the rise and there are more than forty thousand chiropractors in practice in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and many other nations. Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine commonly used and accepted today. Chiropractic is specifically defined as a therapeutic system of curing ailments and manipulation of various body parts, particularly the spinal column. Although chiropractors have had a hard time establishing a worthy reputation, times have changed and studies are proving the benefits of chiropractic. In order for people to receive natural, holistic, efficient, and cost-effective treatment, people should seek doctors of chiropractic. (Thesis: In order for)Chiropractic was first started by David Daniel Palmer in 1895. Palmer began his pra ctices in magnetic healing in response to his never-ending thirst for knowledge in 1887 (Chiropractic OnLine Today). When he moved to Davenport, Iowa, Palmer began chiropractic with his first adjustment on a janitor on September 18, 1895. The janitor had been deaf for seventeen years after hearing a pop in his back one day. Palmer concluded that one of his vertebrae was out of place and so he thrusted the vertebrae back into place and the mans hearing automatically improved (Chiropractic OnLine Today). This was the birth of the chiropractic theory, which means to do by hand. Palmer believed that decreased nerve flow may be the cause of disease, and that misplaced spinal vertebrae may cause pressure on the nerves (Chiropractic OnLine Today). In conclusion, he theorized, if the spinal column was accurately positioned, the body would be healthy. Palmer began a chiropractic school, Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute, in 1907. His son, Bartlett Joshua, was one of the first fifte en graduated. Later in his life, Bartlett also had a large impact on the chiropractic field when his dad ran into some legal problems. Palmers son took over the school and helped chiropractic to gain prominence in the medical field. Following its founding, chiropractic went downhill and then in the 1940s began to grow again. In July 1995, the first Historical Centennial Celebration took place in Washington, DC with thousands of professional in the field attending. (Background)Chiropractic is holistic and concerned with a patients overall well-being. Chiropractic treatment considers the whole person and gives special treatment to the physiological and biochemical aspects including structural, spinal, musculoskeletal, neurological, vascular, nutritional, emotional, and environmental relationships(American Chiropractic Association). Many people initially think of consulting a chiropractor for back pain only, but there are many other components of chiropractic treatment and has the abil ity to help many illnesses and problems. Because the spine is like the trunk of the body, it can have impact on all areas of the human structure. The many moveable parts of the spine make it a complex system. In addition to the twenty-four vertebrae, there are joints between each vertebra. In such a system, in order to maintain balance, each one these joints must be moving entirely and properly (Bayuk). If just one component is out of line, the imbalance disturbs the nervous system, called subluxation. Chiropractic helps the body keep control of itself through manipulation of the spinal column. While the spine helps control the muscles of the body, it also includes the bodys ability to breathe properly, keep the heart beating, and other vital functions. The spine column has many nerves that control the blood flow through blood vessels, proper digestion, and the immune system. Just because chiropractors focus on the spinal column, does not limit their field of treatment. In actuality , this very fact is what allows chiropractic to help such a broad range of problems and conditions. For example, a 1991 study at National College of Chiropractic renders very promising news for women suffering from tortuous menstruation. This FCER-funded study found that women who received chiropractic spinal manipulation reported significant reduction in back pain and menstrual distress(Joseph, Chiropractic Works). Along with menstruation, headaches, allergies, asthma, stomach disorders, spastic colon, and arm, hand, and leg pain are treatable by chiropractors. (Evidence #1)Chiropractic, in addition to holistic, is efficient and cost-effective. Until recently, chiropractic was ignored by most others, but new studies are confirming claims of efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Now chiropractic is receiving much more notice. While research is convincing the community of the effectiveness of cost and capability of treatment of the chiropractic method, thousands of people, worldwide, ar e finding restored mobility and alleviation from pain in their doctor of chiropractic. Results of a Florida study indicated chiropractic patients experienced shorter periods of total disability, and their cost of care was less in comparison to patients of medical doctors. Another Utah study reported that chiropractic care was ten times less expensive than standard medical care in compensation pay-outs ( Joseph, Chiropractic Works). In addition, a report in the Western Journal of Medicine found that patients of chiropractors were three times more satisfied with their care than patients of family practice physicians ( Joseph, Chiropractic Works). Health care options are becoming more diverse and it is evident that chiropractic will be a choice for many. (Evidence #2)Another benefit of chiropractic is that it is natural. This is one of the primary characteristics that distinguishes chiropractic doctors from medical doctors. Chiropractic does not use drugs or surgery. The body heals and maintains itself. It is the chiropractors job to make sure that the body is in balance and capable of doing its job on its own. Chiropractic uses a form of treatment called vertebral adjustment or spinal manipulation. An adjustment is a procedure in which a chiropractor skillfully applies pressure to a region of the spine that is out of alignment. It is often done by hand and helps lessen pain and inflammation. Chiropractors also perform soft tissue manipulation through muscle massages and ultrasound stimulation, physical examinations, X rays, counseling on lifestyle and nutrition, and counseling on exercises for building flexibility, strength, and overall well-being. However, chiropractors refer patients to another health care provider if the patients condition or disease would be better treated through other medical approaches. In most cases, chiropractors do not treat conditions of cancer, internal injuries, lacerations and cuts, fractures of bones and chronic ailments such as d iabetes. Patients with these prognoses are referred to a medical doctor by the chiropractor. (Evidence #3)Is a chiropractor really a doctor? Absolutely! (Joseph, Chiropractic Myth Busters). For a long time, millions of Americans rejected chiropractic treatment because they were thought to be quacks by many medical doctors. But, now that studies are supporting chiropractic treatment, people are beginning to comprehend that these doctors, just like medical doctors, take a strict course of study to receive a degree of Doctor of Chiropractic. After students completing high school, at least two years of college and four to five years of chiropractic college must be completed. Students take basic science courses as well as clinical science courses. In addition to school, a clinical internship is required. Upon graduation, a chiropractor is not permitted to practice just yet. First he or she must pass a licensing exam administered by the state or the National Board of Chiropractic Examiner s, or both. Most boards rely on a three-part examination to test basic sciences, clinical sciences, and clinical competency. A fourth part has newly been introduced to evaluate practical skills. Chiropractors are licensed in all fifty states and the District of Columbia. There is no reason one should be concerned or stressed about the credentials of a chiropractor. To verify a doctors professional credentials, one can call the states Chiropractic Board of Examiners to validate if a particular chiropractor is licensed and up to date with continuing education conditions. A concerned patient can also ask if there is any record of disciplinary actions. The prerequisites to become a chiropractic doctor prepare the doctors well and are extremely difficult. It takes a well educated, hard worker, and disciplined individual to accomplish such intense requirements. Students graduated and in practice are sufficiently trained to treat the body in a natural, holistic, efficient, and cost-effecti ve manner. (Refutation and concluding statement)Works CitedAmerican Chiropractic Association. 1999. .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .postImageUrl , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:hover , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:visited , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:active { border:0!important; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:active , .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9b50c10ef94f7eae0a7a7bf6ca9aeb0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1929 Stock Market Crash Essay *http://amerchiro.org/about_chiro/benefits.htm*. Bayuk, Andrew, D.C. What is Chiropractic? 1989. *http://pages.prodigy.com/chiropractic/whatis.htm*. Chiropractic OnLine Today. Chiropractic Centennial Celebration. 2000. *http://www.chiro-online.com/*. Joseph, Louis, D.C. Chiropractic Works. November 1999. *http://www.hands-on-healing.com/chirowrk.htm*. Joseph, Louis, D.C. Chiropractic Myth Busters. November 1999. *http://www.hands-on-healing.com/chirmyth.htm*.